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Full Citation: Kimani, M., "Women's Struggle to Secure Land Rights," 22(1) AFRICA RENEWAL (April 2008).

Full Citation: Benschop, M., "Women's Right to Land and Property," WOMEN IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT-CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES (Commission on Sustainable Development 2004).

Full Citation: IFPRI, Strengthening Women's Control of Assets for Better Development Outcomes (IFPRI 2008).

Full Citation: Agarwal, B., "Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia," 22(10) WORLD DEVELOPMENT 1478 (1994)

Full Citation: Kelkar, G., "Gender and Productive Assets: Implications for Women's Economic Security and Productivity," 23 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 2011).

Full Citation: ICRW, "Property Ownership for Women Enriches, Empowers and Protects Towards Achieving the Third Millennium Development Goal to Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women," ICRW MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS SERIES (2005)

Full Citation: Velayudhan, M., "Women’s Land Rights in South Asia: Struggles and Diverse Contexts," 44 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (Oct. 2009).

Full Citation: Jacobs, S., "Land reform: still a goal worth pursuing for rural women?" 14 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 887 (2002).

Full citation: Cheryl Doss, Carmen Diana Deere, Abena D. Oduro, Hema Swaminathan, Suchitra J. Y., Rahul Lahoti, W. Baah-Boateng, L. Boakye-Yiadom, Jackeline Contreras, Jennifer Twyman, Zachary Catanzarite, Caren Grown, and Marya Hillesland. The Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps: Evidence from Ecuador, Ghana, and Karnataka, India. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. 2011.

Full Citation: Benschop, M., "Are Women's Equal Rights to Land, Housing and Property Implemented in East Africa?" UNHABITAT Report (April 2002).

Full citation: Vorley, B., Cotula, L. and Chan, M., "Tipping the Balance: Policies to Shape Agricultural Investments and Markets in Favour of Small-scale Farmers," IIED RESEARCH REPORT (IIED & Oxfam, December 2012).

Full citation: Crabtree-Condor, I. and Casey, L., "Lay of the Land: Improving Land Governance to Stop Land Grabs," ACTIONAID REPORT (October 2012).

Full citation: FAO, "Governing Land for Women and Men: A Technical Guide to Support the Achievement of Responsible Gender-Equitable Governance Land Tenure," 1 GOVERNANCE OF TENURE TECHNICAL GUIDE (FAO 2013).

Full citation: Deere, C. D. and Leon, M., "Who Owns the Land? Gender and Land-Titling Programmes in Latin America," 1(3) JOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE 440 (July 2001). - The main focus of state intervention in Latin American agriculture in the 1990s was on land-titling programs, designed to promote security of tenure and enliven land markets. A review of seven of these projects suggests that they were often designed without sufficient attention to civil codes and marital regimes that protect women's property rights. They often ignored that a household's endowment of land may consist of three forms of property: the wife's, the husband's, and jointly owned property. By assuming that the family farm is owned by the male household head, these projects trampled upon women's ownership rights. Nonetheless, the share of female beneficiaries of land-titling projects has been much higher than the share of women adjudicated land under the agrarian reforms of previous decades. This is partly because the primary way that women acquire land is through inheritance, and inheritance appears to be more gender equitable than other manners of acquiring land. It is also due to the impact of the more gender-equitable agrarian legislation of the current period, itself a product of the impact of women's movements on the state. [Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full citation: Landesa, "Land rights and food security. The linkages between secure land rights, women, and improved household food security and nutrition," LANDESA ISSUE BRIEF (March 2012).

Full citation: Budlender, D. and Alma, E., "Women and Land: Securing Rights for Better Lives," IDRC PAPERS (November 2011). - This book focuses on recent findings from sub Saharan Africa on women and land. It finds:
• Participation-oriented research methods are much more likely to bring about immediate benefits than other, more traditional research methods.
• Merely passing legislation is of little effect without the necessary resources for implementation, without informing and educating all relevant actors on the provisions of the legislation, without monitoring the reforms, and without effective sanctions on failure to implement.
• It is crucial both to consult and involve women when designing reforms and monitoring their implementation.
• Women’s access to land does not simply hinge on a choice between customary and statutory systems. Rather, we are faced with a more complex question of how the two systems interact and are used by different groups of women and men. The research also emphasizes the need to think about customary law as “living” and evolving.
• Addressing land injustices requires varied approaches that streamline and consolidate numerous land laws in a given country. It is vital to establish and maintain links among research, policy, practice, and people.
• The importance of providing teaching and training in a variety of disciplines for a young generation of women in Africa cannot be overstated.

[Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full citation: Behrman, J., Meinzen-Dick, R. and Quisumbing, A. R., "The Gender Implicationsof Large-Scale Land Deals" 17 IFPRI POLICY BRIEF (April 2011). - This article addresses the current information gap on the differential gender effects of large-scale land deals through an overview of the phases of large-scale land deals and discussion of related effects on rural men and women; a presentation of further evidence using several case studies on the gender effects of large-scale deals; and a conclusion that looks at knowledge gaps and areas for further research as well as broad recommendations for gender equitable large-scale land deals. [Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full citation: World Bank, FAO & IFAD, "Gender Issues in Land Policy and Administration," MODULE 4 of GENDER IN AGRICULTURE SOURCEBOOK (October 2008).

Full citation: Izumi, K., "Gender-based violence and property-grabbing in Africa: a denial of women’s liberty and security" 15(1) GENDER & DEVELOPMENT (March 2007).

Full citation: Whitehead, A. and Tsikata, D., "Policy Discourses on Women’s Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Implications of the Re-turn to the Customary ," 3(1-2) JOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE (2003).

Full citation: Haldrup, K., "Mainstreaming Gender Issues in Land Administration: Awareness, Attention and Action," FIG XXII INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS PAPER (April 2002).

Full citation: Yngstrom, I. "Women, Wives and Land Rights in Africa: Situating Gender Beyond the Household in the Debate Over Land Policy and Changing Tenure Systems," 30(1) OXFORD DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 21 (February 2002).

Full citation: Paradza, G.G., "Innovations for Securing Women's Access to Land in East Africa," 13 ILC WORKING PAPER (March 2011).

Full citation: Walker, C., "Land Reform in Southern and Eastern Africa: Key Issues for strengthening Women’s Access to and Rights in Land," FAO DESKTOP STUDY REPORT (March 2002).

Source: ICRW, HSRC and AfD, "Women’s Property Rights, HIV and AIDS & Domestic Violence: Research Findings from Two Districts in South Africa and Uganda," (HSRC Press, 2008).

Full citation: German, L., Schoneveld, G. and Mwangi, E., "Contemporary Process of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions by Investors: Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa," 68 CIFOR OCCASSIONAL PAPER (2011).

Full citation: Manji, A., "Eliminating Poverty? "Financial Inclusion", Access to Land, and Gender Equality in International Development," 73(6) THE MODERN LAW REVIEW (2010).

Full citation: Rabenhorst, C. and Bean, A., "Gender and Property Rights: A Critical Issue in Urban Economic Development," IHC PAPER (August 2011). - This paper looks at: (1) gender equality in property rights, i.e., the rights of women to participate in property use and ownership with full legal and societal protection; (2) the importance to economic development of residential and commercial property rights in urban areas; and (3) the role of women in economic development. It profiles the Tanzania Settlements Trust, which forms groups of women that advocate together and provide support for tenure and housing access. It recommends that projects make gender a focus, adequately assess political, legal, and socio-cultural factors regarding gender, and provide training to the community covering: the legal rights of women specifically, including inheritance and divorce; special problems encountered by women such as documentation, location of registration offices, access to credit; involvement of both men and women in the adjudication process and in registration of rights; and clear communication of the benefits of participation.

[Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full citation: Ikdahl, I et al., "Human Rights, Formalisation and Women’s Land Rights in Southern and Eastern Africa", 57 STUDIES IN WOMEN'S LAW, (University of Oslo, Norway 2005).

Full citation: Cotula, L. and Mathieu, P., "Legal Empowerment in Practice: Using Legal Tools to Secure Land Rights in Africa," IIED & FAO REPORT (May 2008).

Full citation: McAuslan, P., "Personal Reflections on Drafting Laws to Improve Women's Access to Land: Is There a Magic Wand?" 4(1) JOURNAL OF EASTERN AFRICAN STUDIES (2010).

Full citation: Daley, E. and Englert, B., "Securing Land Rights for Women" 4(1) JOURNAL OF EASTERN AFRICAN STUDIES (2010).

Full citation: Knight, R., "Statutory Recognition of Customary Land Rights in Africa: An Investigation into Best Practices for Lawmaking and Implementation" 105 FAO LEGISLATIVE STUDY (2010).

Full citation: Kapur, A. "Two Faces of Change: The Need for a Bi-Directional Approach to Improve Women’s Land Rights in Plural Legal Systems" 4 IDLO WORKING PAPER SERIES (Leiden University 2011).

Full citation: Steinzor, N., "Women's Property and Inheritance Rights: Improving Lives in a Changing Time" FINAL SYNTHESIS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PAPER (USAID and WIDtech 2003).

Full citation: Deininger, K., Selod, H. and Burns, A., THE LAND GOVERNANCE ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK - IDENTIFYING AND MONITORING GOOD PRACTICES IN THE LAND SECTOR (World Bank 2011).

Full citation: Sweetman, C., "How Title Deeds Make Sex Safer: Women’s Property Rights in an Era of HIV," FROM POVERTY TO POWER BACKGROUND PAPER (Oxfam GB, July 2006).

Full citation: ActionAid International, "Women's Land Rights," ACTIONAID INTERNATIONAL DISCUSSION PAPER (March 2006).

Full citation: Hatcher, J., Meggiolaro, L. and Ferrer, C.S., "Cultivating Women's Rights for Access to Land," ACTIONAID AND INTERNATIONAL FOOD SECURITY NETWORK COUNTRY ANALYSIS REPORT (October 2005).

Full citation: Nyamu-Musembi, C., "For or Against Gender Equality? Evaluating the Post-Cold War ‘Rule of Law’ Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa," 7 UNRISD OCCASIONAL PAPER (August 2005).

Full citation:Lastarria-Cornhiel, S., "Gender and Property Rights within Postconflict Situation," 12 USAID ISSUE PAPER (April 2005).

Full citation: Wily,L.A., "Making Progress, Slowly: New Attention to Women’s Rights in Natural Resource Law Reform in Africa," CTA/GOU REGIONAL CONFERENCE PRESENTATION (Kampala, February 2001).

Full citation: Paradza, G.G., "Differentiation of Women's Land Tenure Security in South Africa," 12 ILC WORKING PAPER (March 2011).

Full citation: Kachika, T., "Women's Land Rights in Southern Africa: Consolidated Baseline Findings from Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe," NIZA & ACTIONAID REPORT (October 2009).

Full citation: GLTN, "Gender Evaluation Criteria for Large-Scale Land Tools," 2 GLTN BRIEF (UN-Habitat, 2012).

Full citation: HAKI Network, "Land Reform Revisited," HAKI NETWORK REPORT (2013).

Full citation: UN Women, "Decent Work and Women's Economic Empowerment: Good Policy and Practice," UN WOMEN POLICY BRIEF (2012).

Full citation: UN Human Rights Council, "Final Study of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on Rural Women and the Right to Food," HRC REPORT A/HRC/22/72 (United Nations, December 2012).

Full citation: Dookie, C., Lambrou, Y., and Petrics, H., "CEDAW: A Tool for Gender-Sensitive Agriculture and Rural Development Policy and Programme Formulation," FAO PUBLICATION (FAO, 2013).

Full citation: IDLO, "Accessing Justice: Models, Strategies and Best Practices on Women's Empowerment," IDLO REPORT (2013). - This paper highlights some of the challenges and solutions for women’s access to justice in diverse legal systems. It shows that women face structural and cultural barriers to accessing justice – insufficient knowledge of rights and remedies, illiteracy or poor literacy, and lack of resources or time to participate in justice processes. This is all the more so as women usually have intensive family responsibilities. Even where women can access the formal justice sector, the outcomes of the process often fall far short of those envisaged by international standards, particularly with regard to property rights, inheritance, divorce and child custody, and spousal abuse. Focusing on legal empowerment as a way to improve both access to justice and the quality of justice women receive, the study presents strategies and best practices in both formal and informal justice systems. Legal empowerment approaches share one core concept: using the law to enable disadvantaged groups to access justice and realize basic rights. They include legal education; legal aid services; support for non-discriminatory dispute resolution fora to complement or supplement informal systems; training of paralegals; and rights awareness. In considering whether such approaches can improve the quality of justice women receive, Accessing Justice brings together a number of IDLO-sponsored case studies in Afghanistan, India, Namibia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Tanzania, Morocco, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. These highlight a variety of lessons for development practitioners, both in terms of engagement with the informal legal sector and, more generally, for the use of legal empowerment and top-down / bottom-up strategies. In an appropriate context, carefully designed legal empowerment strategies may constitute a valuable contribution to improving women’s access to justice.
[Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]