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This is an English translation from the Chinese National People's Congress website.

Full Citation: Arun, Shoba (1999) "Does land ownership make a difference? Women's roles in agriculture in Kerala, India," Gender & Development, 7: 3, 19 — 27.

This is the 1980 Forest (Conservation) Act with amendments made in 1998

This is the 1956 Hindu Succession Act and the 2005 amendment.

This act creates the National Commission for Women and prescribes the powers and functions of this commission.

This 1988 policy outlines the strategy and objectives for managing the country's forests.

This act extends the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats to the Scheduled Areas.

The original 1993 act creates national and state level commissions and human rights courts to protect human rights. The 2006 amendment makes specific changes to the original act.

A Regulation to regulate the transfers of land in the Scheduled Areas of the East Godavari, West Godavari, Visakhapatnam Srikakulam [Adilabad,Warangal, Khammam and Mahaboobnagar] districts of Andhra Pradesh.

This act establishes provisions for the acquisition of lands by way of donation, for distribution to the landless persons, or for a community purpose.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the protection and management of forests in the State.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

An act to provide for the levy and collection of forest development tax on sales of forest produce by or on behalf of the state government or the Orissa Forest Development Corporation.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

An Act to provide for control and regulation of trade in certain forest produce.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

An act to provide for the abolition of payment of land revenue in respect of certain categories of land.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

An act to provide for prevention of unauthorised occupation of lands which are the property of government.

*Please note that the state of Orissa formally changed its name to Odisha in 2011.*

Chinese Title: 全国人大常委会法制工作委员会关于“没收非法所得”是否包含没收土地问题的答复1990

This act amends the national Hindu Succession Act, 1956 in its application to the State of Andhra Pradesh.

This act amends the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 and the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Tenancy Act, 1956

This act amends the Andhra Pradesh Tenants and Ryots Protection Act, 1979

This act amends the Andhra Pradesh Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act, 1977

This act amends the Andhra Pradesh Record of Rights in Land and Pattadar Pass Books Act, 1971

This act amends the The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Abolition of Inams (Amendment) Act, 1955.

This act was first in 1964 and was amended by Acts 23 of 1974, 15 of 1976, 501 of 1976,
15 of 1978, 14 of 1980, 1 of 1981, 7 of 1983, 11 of 1984,10 of 1989, 12 of 1998, 20 of 2000, 20 of 2001, FEE 15 FAF 98 of 2002 and FEE 16 FSW 2001 dt. 5-9-2002. This version includes all of those amendments.

This act amends the national Hindu Succession Act, 1956 in its application to the State of Karnataka.

This act amends the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

This version is the act as amended through 2004.

This version is the act as amended through 2005.

Full Citation: Kimani, M., "Women's Struggle to Secure Land Rights," 22(1) AFRICA RENEWAL (April 2008).

Full Citation: Benschop, M., "Women's Right to Land and Property," WOMEN IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT-CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES (Commission on Sustainable Development 2004).

Full Citation: IFPRI, Strengthening Women's Control of Assets for Better Development Outcomes (IFPRI 2008).

Full Citation: Agarwal, B., "Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia," 22(10) WORLD DEVELOPMENT 1478 (1994)

Full Citation: Agarwal, B., "Gender and Land Rights Revisited: Exploring New Prospects via the State, Family and Market," 3(1-2) JOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE 224 (2003).

Full Citation: Agarwal, B., "Gender and Legal Rights in Agricultural Land in India," 12 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (March 1995).

Full Citation: Kelkar, G., "Gender and Productive Assets: Implications for Women's Economic Security and Productivity," 23 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 2011).

Full Citation: Swaminathan, H. et al., "Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps: Evidence from Karnataka," 35 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (Sept. 2012).

Full Citation: Rao, N., "Gender Equality, Land Rights and Household Food Security - Discussion of Rice Farming Systems," 25 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 2005).

Full Citation: Agarwal, B., "Landmark Step to Gender Equality," THE HINDU ONLINE EDITION (Sept. 2005).

Full Citation: Panda, P. and Agarwal, B., "Marital Violence, Human Development and Women's Property Status in India," 33(5) WORLD DEVELOPMENT 850 (2005).

Full Citation: ICRW, "Property Ownership for Women Enriches, Empowers and Protects Towards Achieving the Third Millennium Development Goal to Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women," ICRW MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS SERIES (2005)

Full Citation: Unni, J., "Property Rights for Women, Case for Joint Titles to Agricultural Land and Urban Housing," 21 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 1999).

Full Citation: Bates, K., "The Hindu Succession Act: One Law, Plural Identities," 50 JOURNAL OF LEGAL PLURALISM 144 (2004)

Full Citation: Singh, K., "Towards Achieving Equal Rights in Marriage," 24 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 2012).

Full Citation: Kodoth, P., "Gender, Property Rights and Responsibility for Farming in Kerala," 19 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (May 2004).

Full Citation: Velayudhan, M., "Women’s Land Rights in South Asia: Struggles and Diverse Contexts," 44 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY (Oct. 2009).

Full Citation: World Bank, China: Research Report on Gender Gaps and Poverty Reduction (World Bank and ADB 2006).

Full Citation: Qin, P., Carlsson, F., and Xu, J., "Forestland Reform in China: What Do the Farmers Want?", 08(35) EfD DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES (2008).

Full Citation: Shen, Y., Xu, X., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., and Jiang, C., "New Progress in Privatization of the Collective Forest Land in China: Evidence from 9 Villages," SOUTHERN FOREST ECONOMICS WORKERS ANNUAL MEETING (Center for Forest Business 2009),

Full Citation: Song, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, D., Sun, Q., and Jiggins, J., "Feminization of Agriculture in Rapid Changing Rural China: Policy Implication and Alternatives for an Equitable Growth and Sustainable Development," PATHWAYS OUT OF POVERTY (FAO 2009).

Full Citation: Jing, W. and Tong, S., "The Progress of the Chinese Gender Awareness Reflected in the Transition from the Equality between Men and Women to the Gender Justice," M&D FORUM (SEI n.d.).

Full Citation: All-China Women's Federation, Report on Major Results of the Third Wave Survey on The Social Status of Women in China (ACWF 2011).

Full Citation: Xu, J., White, A., and Lele, U., China's Forest Tenure Reforms: Impacts and implications for choice, conservation, and climate change (RRI 2010).

Full Citation: Zhang, L., Rozelle, S., Liu, C., Olivia, S., de Brauw, A., and Li, Q., "Feminization of Agriculture in China: Debunking the Myth and Measuring the Consequence of Women Participation in Agriculture," AGRICULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT (Rimisp-Latin AMerican Center for Rural Development 2006).

Full Citation: Liaw, R. H., "Women's Land Rights in Rural China: Transforming Existing Laws into a Source of Property Rights," 17(1) PACIFIC RIM LAW & POLICY JOURNAL 237 (2008). - In the aftermath of legal reforms designed to secure land tenure for farmers, women in rural China lost rights to land at marriage, divorce, and widowhood. Despite a central legal framework that facially protects women’s property interests, ambiguity in the property and marriage laws have allowed village leaders to reassert traditional social norms and deny constitutional equal rights guarantees for women. Recent attempts to ameliorate landlessness for women, specifically in the Rural Contract Law and the Property Law, offer little promise of providing a significant solution for rural women. New proposals to mitigate rural women’s loss of land rights must be framed in the cultural context of how social relations affect land rights. Legal reforms in rural China should focus on strengthening women’s property rights within marriage, as well as securing external rights to property. Women’s land tenure would be better protected under a more clearly defined community property regime that recognizes rural land contracts issued both prior to and during marriage as jointly possessed. Such measures would give women access to a legal platform at divorce or widowhood, when they are most likely to experience landlessness. [Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full Citation: Lee, T. L., "Half the Sky' but NOT Half the Land: Women's Property Rights & Expropriation in Rural China," HAKIJAMII TRUST BRIEFING PAPER (Sept. 2007).

Full Citation: Jianjun, L., et al., New and Emerging Developments in Gender and Law in China, (Wellesley Centers for Women, 2009).

Full Citation: Chen, J. and Summerfield, G., ‘‘Gender and Rural Reforms in China: A Case Study of Population Control and land Rights Policies in Northern Liaoning,’’ 13(3-4) FEMINIST ECONOMICS 63 (2007).

Full Citation: Cohen, M.L., "Family Management and Family Division in Contemporary Rural China," 130 THE CHINA QUARTERLY 357 (1992).

Full Citation: Dai, L., Zhao, F., Shao, G., Zhou, L., and Tang, L., "China’s Classification-Based Forest Management: Procedures, Problems, and Prospects." 43(6) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1162 (2008).

Full Citation: de Brauw, A., Li, Q., Liu, C., Rozelle, S., and Zhang, L., "Feminization of Agriculture in China? Myths Surrounding Women's Participation in Farming," 194 THE CHINA QUARTERLY 327 (2008).

Full Citation: Hare, D., Yang, L., and Englander, D., ‘‘Land management in rural China and its gender implications,’’ 13(3-4)FEMINIST ECONOMICS 35 (2007).

Full Citation: Harrell, S., "Aspects of Marriage in Three South-western Villages," 130 THE CHINA QUARTERLY 323 (1992).

Full Citation: Jacka, T., "Approaches to Women and Development in Rural China," 15(49) JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA 585 (2006).

Full Citation: Jacobs, S., "Land reform: still a goal worth pursuing for rural women?" 14 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 887 (2002).

Full Citation: Judd, E. R., "Land Divided, Land United," 130 THE CHINA QUARTERLY 338 (1992).

Full Citation: Judd, E. R., "No Change for Thirty Years: The Renewed Question of Women's Land Rights in Rural China," 38 DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE 689 (2007).

Full Citation: Lavely, W. and Ren, X., "Patrilocality and Early Marital Co-residence in Rural China, 1955–85," 130 THE CHINA QUARTERLY 378 (1992).

Full Citation: Li, Y. and Yin-Sheng, X., "Married Women's Rights to Land in China's Traditional Farming Areas," 15(49) JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA 621 (2006). - This paper focuses on women’s land rights in their maiden village in traditional farming areas, and shows, based on an analysis of a case study combined with a questionnaire survey, that married women’s land rights tend to be retained in their parent’s village with the implementation of new policy and land contract laws, but that they have almost no rights in their maiden families after marriage, due to the influence of traditional marriage notions and customs. [Threats to Women’s Land Tenure Security and Effectiveness of Interventions - Annotated Bibliography]

Full Citation: Lichtenberg, E. and Ding, C., "Assessing farmland protection policy in China," 25(1) LAND USE POLICY 59 (2008).

Full citation: Lin, Z. and Lixin, Z., "Gender, Land and Local Heterogeneity," 15(49) JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA 637 (2006).

Full Citation: Ogletree, C. Jr. and de Silva-de Alwis, R., "The recently revised marriage law of China: The promise and the reality," 13(2) TEXAS JOURNAL OF WOMEN AND THE LAW 251 (2004).

Full Citation: Peimin, L., "A Case Study on the Settlement of Rural Women affected by Land Requisitioning in China," 16(50) JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA 133 (2007).

Full Citation: Sargeson, S., "Full circle? Rural land reforms in globalizing China," 36(4) CRITICAL ASIAN STUDIES 637 (2004).

Full Citation: Sargeson, S., "Governing Women's Capabilities in China's Urban Expansion," 9(2) INTERNATIONAL FEMINIST JOURNAL OF POLITICS 154 (2007).

Full Citation: Sargeson, S. and Song, Y., "Land Expropriation and the Gender Politics of Citizenship in the Urban Frontier " 64 THE CHINA JOURNAL 19 (2010).

Full Citation: Sargeson, S., "Women's Property, Women's Agency in China's ‘New Enclosure Movement’: Evidence from Zhejiang," 39 DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE 641 (2008).

Full Citation: Shen, Y., Zhnag, X., Xu, X., Zhu, Z., and Jiang, C., "Towards decentralization and privatization of China’s collective forestlands: A Study of 9 villages in 3 provinces," 11(4) INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW 28 (2009).

Full Citation: Wang, S., van Kooten, G. C., and Wilson, B., "Mosiac of reform: forest policy in post-1978 China," 6(1) FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS 71 (2004).